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英語(yǔ)必考八大時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)及用法詳解！

【摘要】時(shí)態(tài)無(wú)疑是初中英語(yǔ)最重要的語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容，學(xué)好時(shí)態(tài)基本就拿下了語(yǔ)法的半壁江山。今天總結(jié)的八種時(shí)態(tài)是大家在初中階段必學(xué)必考的，期末復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)一定要加倍重視哦！更多高考信息可關(guān)注閩州教育高考資訊專(zhuān)欄。

　　英語(yǔ)八大時(shí)態(tài)：

　　1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

　　標(biāo)志：動(dòng)詞原形

　　1. 表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，常與表頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用：

　　She often speaks English.

　　I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

　　2. 表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征、職業(yè)、能力、感覺(jué)等：

　　He seems to feel a bit down today.

　　He works as a driver.

　　3. 表示真理、客觀(guān)存在、科學(xué)事實(shí)或用于格言警句中：

　　Shanghai lies in the east of China.

　　Columbus proved that the earth is round.

　　Where there is a will, there is a way.

　　4. 表示現(xiàn)在瞬間的動(dòng)作：

　　Here comes the bus!

　　5. 表示將來(lái)1) 表按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(僅限于某些表示“來(lái)、去、動(dòng)、停、開(kāi)始、結(jié)束、繼續(xù)”等的趨向動(dòng)詞)，可以與表示未來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)搭配使用。常見(jiàn)的用法是：飛機(jī)、火車(chē)、輪船、汽車(chē)等定期定點(diǎn)運(yùn)行的交通狀況。如：

　　The next train leaves at 3 o’clock this afternoon.

　　How often does the shuttle bus run?2) 在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中常使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的事情：

　　When Bill comes (不用will come), ask him to wait for me.

　　I shall go there tomorrow unless I’m too busy.

　　2一般過(guò)去時(shí)

　　標(biāo)志：動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式

　　*閉音節(jié)：元音字母a, e, i, o, u如果發(fā)字母本來(lái)的音則稱(chēng)為開(kāi)音節(jié)，否則稱(chēng)為閉音節(jié)。

　　1. 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(e.g. yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before …, when …, in the past等)。如：

　　Jim rang you just now.

　　Liu Ying was in America last year.

　　2. 表示過(guò)去經(jīng)�；蚍磸�(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，特別是used to do表達(dá)的句型，本身表示的就是過(guò)去常常。如：

　　When I was a kid, I often played football in the street.

　　She used to visit her mother once a week.*注意區(qū)分sb. used to do sth.(某人過(guò)去常常做某事，此處to是動(dòng)詞不定式標(biāo)志符號(hào))和sb. be used to sth./doing sth.(某人習(xí)慣于某物/做某事，此處to是介詞)。

　　3. 代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示一種婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣、禮貌、商量的語(yǔ)氣。此用法僅適用于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞(如want, hope, wonder, think, intend等)及情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could, would。如：

　　I wondered if you could have a word with me.

　　I hoped you could help me with my English.

　　Would you mind my sitting here?4. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常用句型有：

　　It is time that sb. did sth. “某人該做某事了”

　　would rather sb. did sth. “寧愿某人做某事”

　　3一般將來(lái)時(shí)

　　標(biāo)志：will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形

　　1. 表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，通常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(e.g. tomorrow, next week, in the future等)。如：

　　We shall have a lot of rain next month.

　　My husband will come back in a few days.

　　2. 表示傾向性和習(xí)慣性：

　　Fish will die without water.

　　When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt.

　　3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的幾種句式結(jié)構(gòu)辨析：

　　1) will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形多用于表達(dá)主觀(guān)愿望或必定會(huì)發(fā)生的事情(“將會(huì)如何”)*shall作助動(dòng)詞時(shí)一般只用于第一人稱(chēng)

　　2) be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示即將發(fā)生或打算要做的事：

　　It is going to rain.

　　We are going to have a meeting today.

　　3) be to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：

　　He is to visit Japan next year.

　　We are to discuss the report on Monday.

　　4) be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，意為“馬上要做某事”，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：

　　The plane is about to start.

　　Don’t worry. I am about to make a close examination on you.

　　4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　標(biāo)志：be + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞

　　1. 表示說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作：

　　She is writing a letter upstairs.

　　Who are you waiting for?

　　It is raining hard.

　　2. 表示現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行)：

　　I hear Mr. Green is writing another novel.

　　3. 表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，往往包含說(shuō)話(huà)者贊揚(yáng)、責(zé)備、厭惡等情緒，通常與always, constantly, continually, forever等頻度副詞連用。如：

　　John is forever asking silly questions like a stupid.

　　He is always thinking of others first.

　　4. 表示將來(lái)

　　1) 表示按計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，僅適用于部分趨向動(dòng)詞(如go, come, leave, start, arrive等)。如：

　　Uncle Wang is coming.

　　They’re leaving for Beijing.

　　2) 在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)某時(shí)正在發(fā)生的事情。如：

　　Please drop in when you are passing my way.

　　If he is still sleeping, don’t wake him up.

　　5過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　標(biāo)志：was / were + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞

　　1. 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)中常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有the whole morning, all day yesterday, from January to March last year等。如：

　　I was having a talk with Lucy at that time.

　　They were watching TV at home last night.

　　2. 表示過(guò)去反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，往往包含說(shuō)話(huà)者贊揚(yáng)、責(zé)備、厭惡等情緒，通常與always, constantly, continually, forever等頻度副詞連用。如：

　　My brother was always losing his keys

　　3. 表示按計(jì)劃、安排過(guò)去某時(shí)刻將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，僅適用于部分趨向動(dòng)詞(如go, come, leave, start, arrive等)。如：

　　He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon.

　　4. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)有一個(gè)主要用法就是描述一件事情發(fā)生的背景(一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生)：

　　Granny fell asleep when she was reading.

　　It was raining when they left the station.

　　6現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

　　標(biāo)志：have / has + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

　　1. 表示一個(gè)過(guò)去發(fā)生并已完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的狀況(表示“已完成”)。如：

　　He has left the city. (結(jié)果：他目前不在這個(gè)城市)

　　Someone has broken the window. (結(jié)果：窗戶(hù)破了)

　　2. 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去(表示“未完成”)。

　　I have been busy since last week.

　　He has taught in our school for 30 years.

　　I’ve finished half so far.注意瞬間動(dòng)詞通常是不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表持續(xù)性的，但其否定結(jié)構(gòu)則可以。如：

　　She hasn’t seen you for ages.

　　His father hasn’t touched beer for a whole week.

　　3. 表示過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在為止反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或多次出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，常與表示頻度的副詞always, often, every day等連用。如：

　　I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company.

　　4. 在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來(lái)某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。如：

　　I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.

　　If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go the park.

　　5. 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的常見(jiàn)詞語(yǔ)能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的詞語(yǔ)很多，just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等，但常見(jiàn)的有：

　　1) since 自從

　　I have been there many times since the war.

　　We haven’t seen each other since last week.

　　We have been friends ever since.

　　2) in / for / during the past/last … years 在過(guò)去/最近…中

　　I’ve been ill for the past three weeks.

　　Great changes have take place in the last ten years.

　　I have been here (for) the last/past month.

　　3) so far 到目前為止

　　We haven’t had any trouble so far.

　　So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless.

　　4) up to/until now 到現(xiàn)在為止

　　Up to now he’s been quiet.

　　Up to now, the work has been easy.

　　I have heard nothing from him up till now.

　　Up till now we have planted over 2000 trees.

　　5) It is/will be the first/second … time that … 這是第一/二…次…

　　It’s the first time (that) I’ve been here.

　　It will be the first time (that) I’ve spoken in public.

　　It is the second time (that) I have met him today.

　　6) This is + 形容詞最高級(jí) + that … 這是最…

　　This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.

　　6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別

　　1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果，與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系;而一般過(guò)去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過(guò)去，不涉及對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。如：

　　I have seen this film. (我已經(jīng)看過(guò)了這部電影)

　　I saw this film yesterday. (我是昨天看的這部電影)

　　2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(如for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always等)，或者干脆沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);而一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(如yesterday, last night, …ago, in 1980, in February等)。

　　3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示持續(xù)時(shí)一般使用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(如live, teach, work, know等);而一般過(guò)去時(shí)常使用瞬間動(dòng)詞(如begin, buy, die, marry等)。如：

　　He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring.

　　My grandfather bought the car five years ago.

　　7. 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)辨析

　　1) 考生容易把一些瞬間動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表達(dá)，這是錯(cuò)誤的。如：

　　(×) He has died for two years. 他死了兩年了。

　　(√) He has been dead for two years.

　　(√) He died two years ago.

　　(×) The film has begun for 10 minutes. 電影開(kāi)演十分鐘了。

　　(√) The film has been on for 10 minutes.

　　(√) The film began 10 minutes ago.

　　(×) She has married for three years. 她結(jié)婚有三年了。

　　(√) She has been married for three years.

　　(√) She married Mike three years ago.

　　2) 考生不懂如何區(qū)分have been to和have gone to，盡管兩者均可后接地點(diǎn)，但have been to表示去過(guò)某地(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了)，have gone to表示到某地去了(現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)回來(lái))。如：

　　She has been to Paris (three times).

　　She has gone to Paris.

　　7過(guò)去完成時(shí)

　　標(biāo)志：had + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

　　1. 表示在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。如：

　　By the end of last week he had finished the work.

　　He had left when I arrived.

　　2. 表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：

　　We had not seen each other since I left Beijing.

　　The film had been on for 5 minutes when I got to the cinema.

　　3. 某些表意向的動(dòng)詞(如intend, think, plan, expect, hope等)的過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示主語(yǔ)未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、希望、打算。如：

　　I had intended to visit you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away.

　　We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.

　　4. (虛擬語(yǔ)氣)在條件狀體從句或wish / would rather等后面的從句中，使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的主觀(guān)愿望。如：

　　The party wouldn’t have been so perfect if you hadn’t come.

　　I wish I had gone with you to the concert that day.

　　5. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)

　　1) 基本區(qū)別：過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示以過(guò)去某時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)以前所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，即過(guò)去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示以現(xiàn)在時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)以前所發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài)。如：

　　He studied there two years ago.他兩年前在那兒學(xué)習(xí)(離現(xiàn)在兩年)

　　He said he had studied there two years before.他說(shuō)他兩年前在那兒學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)。(離他說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)兩年)

　　2) 特別注意：兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如果按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或者用then, and, but等連詞連接時(shí)，多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：

　　When she saw the mouse, she screamed.

　　My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.

　　8過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

　　標(biāo)志：would + 動(dòng)詞原形

　　1. 表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間來(lái)看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，一般用于主句為過(guò)去時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)從句中。如：

　　He said he would come here next Friday.

　　I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble.

　　2. 表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作習(xí)慣或傾向：

　　The old man would sit on a bench in the quite park for hours without doing anything.